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  • Prolia Costs $2,500 a Dose. There Are Now 19 Biosimilar Competitors. Here’s What That Means for Patients.

    Prolia Costs $2,500 a Dose. There Are Now 19 Biosimilar Competitors. Here’s What That Means for Patients.

    📌 The essentials On March 30, 2026, Teva Pharmaceutical received FDA approval for PONLIMSI (denosumab-adet), a biosimilar to Prolia (denosumab, Amgen) for all five of Prolia’s approved indications. Commercial launch expected Q3 2026. This is the 19th FDA-approved denosumab biosimilar, not the first. Several have already launched commercially in the United States with modest savings of approximately 5 to 15% below Prolia’s list price. Critical distinction for patients: PONLIMSI is approved as a biosimilar but does NOT have interchangeable designation. Only Jubbonti (Sandoz) has interchangeable status for Prolia, meaning only Jubbonti can be substituted by a pharmacist without calling your prescriber. Simultaneously, Teva announced that the FDA and EMA have both accepted regulatory filings for its proposed omalizumab (Xolair) biosimilar. This is not an approval; it is the start of review. A Prolia discontinuation warning: do not stop denosumab abruptly for any reason, including a transition to a biosimilar. Rebound vertebral fractures are a documented serious risk. Any transition must be clinician-guided.

    Osteoporosis affects an estimated 200 million people globally and is responsible for approximately 9 million fractures per year worldwide. In the United States, about 10 million adults have osteoporosis and another 44 million have low bone density, putting them at elevated fracture risk. Hip fractures in older adults carry a one-year mortality rate of up to 36%, a statistic that makes bone health a genuine life-or-death clinical priority, not a cosmetic concern.

    Denosumab (Prolia, Amgen) is one of the most effective medications available for high-risk osteoporosis. It reduces vertebral fracture risk by up to 68%, hip fractures by 40%, and nonvertebral fractures by 20% in clinical trials. It is also, without insurance, a $2,506 injection administered twice a year, making it inaccessible or unaffordable for many of the patients who need it most.

    On March 30, 2026, Teva Pharmaceutical received FDA approval for PONLIMSI (denosumab-adet), a biosimilar to Prolia, and simultaneously announced that regulatory agencies in both the U.S. and Europe have accepted filings for its proposed biosimilar to Xolair (omalizumab), a biologic used in severe asthma, nasal polyps, and IgE-mediated food allergy. These are meaningful regulatory events, but they exist in a context that the original announcement does not capture: the denosumab biosimilar market is now crowded, savings to patients have been disappointingly modest so far, and understanding the difference between a biosimilar and an interchangeable biosimilar has real implications for whether your pharmacist can make the switch without calling your doctor.

    What Denosumab Does and Why It Is So Expensive

    Denosumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody that works by inhibiting RANKL, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand, a protein essential for the formation, function, and survival of osteoclasts, the cells responsible for breaking down bone. By blocking RANKL, denosumab suppresses bone resorption, which allows bone mineral density to increase and fracture risk to fall.

    Amgen markets denosumab under two brand names: Prolia (60 mg subcutaneous injection every 6 months) for osteoporosis and bone loss from hormonal cancer therapies, and Xgeva (120 mg every 4 weeks) for preventing skeletal-related events in patients with bone metastases and giant cell tumors. The two products use the same molecule but are approved for different indications at different doses.

    The $2,500+ price per dose reflects the cost of biologic drug manufacturing. Denosumab is produced in living cells using complex, expensive processes, not synthesized chemically like a small molecule tablet. Amgen has generated approximately $2.9 billion annually from Prolia alone. Despite recent patent expirations in the U.S. and Europe opening the door to biosimilar competition, the denosumab market has yet to see the dramatic price reductions that biosimilar proponents hoped for.

    A critical clinical nuance: the rebound fracture risk on discontinuation Denosumab has a well-documented risk of rebound vertebral fractures when treatment is stopped abruptly. Because denosumab’s anti-resorptive effect reverses quickly after the drug clears the system, faster than bisphosphonates which accumulate in bone tissue, stopping denosumab without transitioning to another therapy can produce a rapid spike in bone turnover that significantly increases fracture risk in the first 12 to 24 months after discontinuation. Multiple cases of simultaneous vertebral fractures following denosumab discontinuation have been reported in the literature. Current guidelines recommend that patients stopping denosumab for any reason, including switching to a biosimilar if the transition is not managed carefully, receive bridging therapy with a bisphosphonate. This is not a biosimilar-specific concern, but it is relevant for any patient or prescriber navigating a formulary switch or change in product.

    PONLIMSI: What the Approval Is Based On

    PONLIMSI (denosumab-adet) received FDA approval on March 30, 2026, based on a totality of evidence demonstrating comparable efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity to Prolia. This evidence includes data from a randomized, double-blind Phase 3 clinical trial (NCT04729621) enrolling 332 women with postmenopausal osteoporosis, comparing denosumab-adet directly against Prolia across these endpoints.

    PONLIMSI is approved for all five indications of the reference product Prolia:

    IndicationPatient Population
    Postmenopausal osteoporosisWomen at high risk for fracture, including history of fracture or multiple risk factors; or failed or intolerant to other osteoporosis therapy
    Male osteoporosisMen at high risk for fracture
    Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosisMen and women on long-term corticosteroid therapy at high risk for fracture
    Prostate cancer bone lossMen at high risk for fracture receiving androgen deprivation therapy for nonmetastatic prostate cancer
    Breast cancer bone lossWomen at high risk for fracture receiving adjuvant aromatase inhibitor therapy for breast cancer

    The EMA granted marketing authorization for PONLIMSI in Europe in November 2025, meaning the drug had already been approved in the EU before its U.S. clearance. Teva has indicated a commercial launch in the United States is expected in Q3 2026.

    The Critical Distinction: Biosimilar vs. Interchangeable and Why It Matters for Patients

    This is the most practically important piece of information in this post, and it was absent from the original coverage of PONLIMSI’s approval.

    In the United States, there are two categories of FDA-approved biosimilars: biosimilar and interchangeable biosimilar. The difference matters at the pharmacy counter.

    BiosimilarInterchangeable Biosimilar
    FDA standardHighly similar to reference product; no clinically meaningful differences in safety, purity, potencySame as biosimilar PLUS: can be substituted without the prescriber’s involvement
    Pharmacy substitutionCannot be substituted automatically; requires prescriber authorization or new prescription in most statesCan be substituted by pharmacist without calling the prescriber (subject to state pharmacy laws)
    Benefit to payer and patientMay require step therapy or prior authorization to access lower costFormulary substitution can happen more easily, driving faster cost competition
    PONLIMSI statusBiosimilar only, NOT interchangeable (as of approval)Jubbonti (Sandoz) has interchangeable designation
    Real-world implicationPrescriber or insurer action typically neededPharmacist can swap without a call to the prescriber

    Teva’s announcement did not mention an interchangeability designation for PONLIMSI. This means that in most U.S. states, a pharmacist cannot automatically substitute PONLIMSI for Prolia based on a prescription for denosumab. A clinician or insurer action is typically required. Patients who want to access the biosimilar version may need to ask their provider to write a new prescription specifically for PONLIMSI, or navigate a formulary preference process through their insurer.

    The Denosumab Biosimilar Landscape: 19 Approvals, Modest Savings

    PONLIMSI is not entering an empty market. By the time it launches in Q3 2026, it will be one of at least 19 FDA-approved denosumab biosimilars. Eighteen were approved by the end of December 2025, with PONLIMSI the first addition in 2026. Several have already launched commercially in the United States.

    BiosimilarCompanyFDA StatusNotes
    Jubbonti / WyostSandozApproved March 2024; launched June 2025First to market; interchangeable designation; 14.5% below Prolia WAC
    Osenvelt / StobocloCelltrionLaunched July 20255 to 10% discount range reported
    Jubereq / OsvyrtiAccord BioPharmaLaunched October 2025Competitive pricing
    Enoby / XtrenboGedeon Richter / HikmaApproved; not yet launched—
    Bilprevda / BildyosHenlius / OrganonApproved; not yet launched—
    PONLIMSITevaApproved March 2026; Q3 2026 launch expectedNo interchangeability designation announced

    The savings picture has been a disappointment relative to earlier expectations. Sandoz’s Jubbonti, the first approved interchangeable denosumab biosimilar, launched in June 2025 at a list price approximately 14.5% below Prolia’s wholesale acquisition cost. Celltrion’s biosimilars entered at an estimated 5 to 10% discount. A published budget impact model in the Journal of Medical Economics projected savings of $0.59 per member per month for health plans at medium conversion rates over five years, meaningful at scale, but not the 50 to 80% price reductions that biosimilar competition drove in markets like Europe.

    Why are U.S. denosumab biosimilar savings so modest compared to Europe? In the UK, biosimilar adoption within the first year of launch routinely exceeds 90% of market share, driven by NHS tender-based procurement and institutional formulary switches. British rheumatologist Dr. Muhammad Nisar noted to Medscape that clinicians feel very comfortable with denosumab biosimilars, with great belief in their efficacy and safety. In the U.S., the market structure is fundamentally different. Amgen has kept Prolia competitively priced through rebates to pharmacy benefit managers (PBMs) and insurers. The net price paid by many payers may already be below the biosimilar list price after rebates. This perverse dynamic, in which originator rebates can make a brand-name drug cheaper to a payer than the biosimilar list price, is a structural feature of the U.S. drug market that dampens biosimilar adoption and competition. The interchangeability designation matters here too. Only Sandoz’s Jubbonti has interchangeable status for Prolia, allowing direct pharmacy substitution. The other approved denosumab biosimilars, including PONLIMSI, require prescriber action or payer-directed formulary changes to reach patients, slowing the pace of market conversion.

    The Xolair Biosimilar Filing: A Different Market, A Different Opportunity

    Teva’s simultaneous announcement that both the FDA and EMA have accepted filings for its proposed biosimilar to Xolair (omalizumab, Genentech/Novartis) is a separate and strategically distinct event from the PONLIMSI approval.

    What omalizumab is and who uses it

    Omalizumab (Xolair) is a monoclonal antibody that works by binding to free IgE, immunoglobulin E, the antibody class central to allergic responses, and blocking its interaction with IgE receptors on mast cells and basophils. By reducing free IgE levels, omalizumab prevents the downstream allergic cascade that produces symptoms in atopic disease.

    Xolair is approved in the U.S. for: moderate-to-severe persistent allergic asthma inadequately controlled by inhaled corticosteroids in patients 6 and older whose asthma is related to a perennial allergen; chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps in adults; chronic spontaneous urticaria in patients whose symptoms are inadequately controlled by antihistamines; and IgE-mediated food allergies in patients 1 year and older. That food allergy indication, the most recent addition, significantly expanded the patient population that might use omalizumab.

    The market context

    Global omalizumab sales are estimated at $3.5 to $3.7 billion annually, making this a commercially meaningful biosimilar target. Regulatory filing acceptance by both FDA and EMA simultaneously means Teva’s submission was complete enough for substantive review. This is not an approval; it is the beginning of the regulatory review process. The FDA’s standard review clock for biosimilar applications is 12 months from acceptance.

    The omalizumab biosimilar market is at an earlier stage than denosumab. The omalizumab biosimilar landscape will be watched carefully by allergists, pulmonologists, and patients with severe allergic disease who currently pay thousands of dollars per year for brand-name Xolair, a cost that is a meaningful access barrier for many.

    What This Means in Practice: Guidance for Patients

    If you are currently on Prolia or another denosumab product

    Do not stop denosumab without a medical plan for what comes next. The rebound fracture risk on discontinuation is real and serious. Any transition to a biosimilar should be clinician-guided, maintaining the same dosing schedule (every 6 months for Prolia indications) and likely incorporating a bisphosphonate bridge if you stop denosumab for any reason.

    If cost is a barrier to accessing denosumab, ask your prescriber or pharmacist specifically about available biosimilar options. If your insurer’s formulary includes an interchangeable denosumab biosimilar like Jubbonti, your pharmacist may be able to substitute automatically. For non-interchangeable biosimilars like PONLIMSI, a prescriber action is required. Medicare Part B, through which administered biologics are often covered, has specific biosimilar substitution rules worth understanding with your provider.

    If you are on Xolair for allergic asthma, nasal polyps, urticaria, or food allergy

    A biosimilar is not yet available. Teva’s application is under review, and even after approval, launch timing will depend on regulatory processes and commercial decisions. Continue your current treatment as prescribed. Monitor your insurer’s formulary for updates in 2026 and 2027.

    The Gap Between Biosimilar Approval and Patient Savings

    The denosumab biosimilar story is instructive for understanding how U.S. drug pricing actually works and why regulatory approval of a biosimilar does not automatically translate to patient savings.

    When Prolia’s key patents began expiring, the expectation was that biosimilar competition would drive meaningful price reductions, as it has in Europe. Instead, 19 FDA approvals later, the most aggressive biosimilar discount achieved is about 14.5% below Prolia’s list price. The originator still commands most of the market. The structural reasons are complex: Amgen’s rebate practices, the lack of interchangeability designation for most competitors, the physician-administered nature of the injection (which keeps it under Part B rather than Part D, with different substitution rules), and the clinical hesitancy around switching patients who have been stable on a therapy that must not be interrupted without a plan.

    Flanigan et al. noted in their 2025 Journal of Medical Economics budget impact analysis that even a small discount of 5% for a biosimilar referencing Xgeva and Prolia could represent millions of dollars in savings for a health plan, with the potential for reinvestment to further expand access. Those savings are real at scale even when they feel modest at the individual patient level.

    None of this means biosimilar approvals like PONLIMSI are without value. For payers, even modest per-dose discounts multiply across large patient populations. For patients in countries with less fragmented pricing structures, competitive biosimilar availability is genuinely transformative. And building a competitive biosimilar market, however slowly, creates the foundation for the price competition that patients deserve.

    The omalizumab filing, if it leads to approval and launch, enters a somewhat less saturated biosimilar market. The recent addition of the food allergy indication has expanded the potential patient population substantially. That approval, if and when it comes, may be a more commercially differentiated moment than PONLIMSI in the already crowded denosumab space.

    For related coverage of how access and affordability are shaping the drug landscape in 2026, see our post on FDA approval of the first generic dapagliflozin, where a similar story of high list prices, biosimilar or generic entry, and the gap between approval and real-world savings is unfolding in the type 2 diabetes space.

    Sources

    Teva press release: Teva Gains Biosimilar Momentum with U.S. FDA Approval of PONLIMSI (denosumab-adet) and Dual Filing Acceptance for Biosimilar Candidate to Xolair (omalizumab). March 30, 2026. ir.tevapharm.com.

    Clinical Advisor coverage: FDA Approves Teva’s Prolia Biosimilar Ponlimsi, Accepts Xolair Biosimilar for Review. clinicaladvisor.com. April 2026.

    Drug Topics: FDA Approves Denosumab-Adet as Biosimilar to Prolia. drugtopics.com. March 2026.

    Center for Biosimilars: FDA Approves Teva Biosimilar for Denosumab in Osteoporosis. centerforbiosimilars.com. March 2026.

    GaBI Online: FDA approves denosumab biosimilar Ponlimsi. gabionline.net. April 2026.

    Medscape: Two More Denosumab Biosimilars Approved in the US. medscape.com. October 2025.

    Managed Healthcare Executive: Biosimilar denosumab could save $0.59 per member per month. managedhealthcareexecutive.com. February 2026.

    Journal of Medical Economics budget impact: Flanigan J, Chaplin S, et al. A budget impact model for biosimilar denosumab for skeletal-related events and fractures in the United States oncology population. J Med Econ. 2025;28(1):2027-2038. doi:10.1080/13696998.2025.2027-2038.

    PONLIMSI Phase 3 trial: NCT04729621. ClinicalTrials.gov.

    GoodRx pricing: How Much Is Prolia Without Insurance? goodrx.com.

    Rebound fracture risk: Rebound vertebral fractures after denosumab discontinuation. PMC6683162.

    Denosumab mechanism: Denosumab. StatPearls. NCBI.

    RANKL biology: RANKL in bone biology. PMC3386061.

    Hip fracture mortality: Hip fracture 1-year mortality. PMC6530614.

    FDA biosimilars explained: Biosimilar and Interchangeable Products. FDA.gov.

    FDA approved biosimilar products: FDA-Approved Biosimilar Products. FDA.gov.

    Prolia FDA approval: FDA approves denosumab for osteoporosis. FDA.gov.

    Xgeva FDA approval: FDA approves denosumab (Xgeva). FDA.gov.

    Xolair FDA approval: FDA approves omalizumab for allergic asthma. FDA.gov.

    IgE biology: IgE in allergy. StatPearls. NCBI.

    PBM market structure: Pharmacy Benefit Managers. PMC7748166.

    Bisphosphonates: Bisphosphonates. StatPearls. NCBI.

    Patient resources: Bone Health and Osteoporosis Foundation | FDA Biosimilar Products List | GoodRx Prolia pricing

    Disclaimer: Health Evidence Digest provides general information about FDA approvals and health research for educational purposes. This content is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Decisions about denosumab therapy, including switching between reference products and biosimilars, should be made in consultation with a qualified prescriber familiar with the patient’s bone health history and fracture risk. Never discontinue denosumab without medical guidance.

  • Foundayo™ Is the First GLP-1 Pill You Can Take Any Time, With Anything. Here’s What the Trial Data Shows and What the FDA Is Still Waiting to Find Out.

    📌 The essentials On April 1, 2026, the FDA approved Foundayo (orforglipron, Eli Lilly) for chronic weight management in adults with obesity (BMI of 30 or higher) or overweight (BMI of 27 or higher) with at least one weight-related comorbidity, as an adjunct to diet and exercise. The approval came 50 days after NDA submission under the Commissioner’s National Priority Voucher (CNPV) program, the fastest approval of a new molecular entity since 2002. What makes it mechanistically distinctive: orforglipron is the first oral non-peptide small molecule GLP-1 receptor agonist approved for weight management, which means it can be taken once daily at any time, with or without food, with or without water restrictions. No injection. No fasting window. No 30-minute waiting window. ATTAIN-1 trial data: mean weight loss of 11.2% at 72 weeks (highest dose, 36 mg, efficacy estimand) versus 2.1% with placebo. Among patients who completed the full 72 weeks, mean weight loss was 12.4%. Self-pay pricing: $149 per month. For patients with established cardiovascular disease: oral semaglutide currently has an approved CV risk reduction indication that Foundayo does not yet have. The CV outcomes trial (ATTAIN-CVRD) is a mandated post-marketing study. Full coverage of all nine FDA post-marketing requirements: Foundayo Post-Marketing Studies Explained.

    Forty-two percent of American adults have obesity. Effective GLP-1 receptor agonist therapies have been available since 2021. And yet fewer than 1 in 10 eligible adults are actually using them, a gap driven by needle anxiety, cost, shortage-related access barriers, and the logistical friction of injectable or restrictively-administered medications.

    On April 1, 2026, the FDA approved Foundayo (orforglipron), the first GLP-1 receptor agonist for weight management that can be taken once daily at any time of day, with or without food, with or without water. No injection. No empty-stomach requirement. No 30-minute waiting window. That combination of properties is genuinely new in this drug class, and it matters most for the patients who do not currently use GLP-1 therapies despite qualifying for them.

    This post covers what Foundayo is, what makes it mechanistically different, what the ATTAIN clinical trials showed across all doses, how it compares to oral semaglutide, what the safety profile looks like, and what the FDA is still requiring Lilly to study before the full picture is known.

    Approved in 50 Days: The CNPV Program Behind the Speed

    Foundayo was approved 50 days after NDA submission, making it the fastest new molecular entity approval since 2002 and the first new molecular entity cleared under the Commissioner’s National Priority Voucher (CNPV) program. The standard FDA NDA review clock is 10 months (Priority Review) or 12 months (Standard). The CNPV program, which designates certain applications as national health priorities, compresses that timeline dramatically.

    Obesity, affecting 42% of U.S. adults and costing the healthcare system an estimated $173 billion annually, qualifies as a national priority. The speed of approval reflects both the strength of the clinical data and a regulatory policy decision that the public health benefit of broader access to effective obesity pharmacotherapy outweighs the risk of uncertainty about longer-term safety endpoints. Those uncertainties are being managed through a substantial set of post-marketing requirements, nine mandated studies, covered in depth in our companion post.

    For full coverage of all nine post-marketing requirements including the cardiovascular outcomes trial, the 15-year thyroid cancer registry, the pediatric study, the pregnancy exposure registry, and what the suicidality and alopecia studies are examining, see: Foundayo Was Approved in 50 Days. Now the FDA Wants a Decade of Safety Follow-Up.

    What Makes Foundayo Mechanistically Different From Other GLP-1 Drugs

    Every GLP-1 receptor agonist currently available, including semaglutide, tirzepatide, liraglutide, and dulaglutide, is a peptide: a short chain of amino acids that mimics the naturally occurring GLP-1 hormone. Peptides are effective, but they are destroyed by stomach acid if swallowed, which is why most GLP-1 drugs are injected. Oral semaglutide (Rybelsus, Wegovy oral) gets around this using a chemical absorption enhancer called SNAC, but the workaround requires specific conditions: it must be taken with no more than 4 oz of plain water on an empty stomach, at least 30 minutes before eating or drinking anything else.

    Orforglipron is not a peptide. It is a small molecule, a non-peptide synthetic compound small enough and chemically stable enough to survive the digestive tract and reach GLP-1 receptors without any of those constraints. No absorption enhancer needed. No fasting window. No specific water volume. No food timing restrictions. Once daily, any time, with anything.

    Why the small-molecule distinction matters beyond convenience The peptide-vs-small-molecule difference has practical implications beyond the dosing schedule. Small molecules can typically be manufactured using conventional pharmaceutical chemistry at substantially lower per-unit cost than biologics produced in living cells. This manufacturing accessibility is one reason orforglipron is priced at $149 per month for self-pay patients, already lower than the list prices of injectable semaglutide and tirzepatide products. Small molecules also do not require refrigeration, which means no cold-chain logistics and no concerns about storing the drug in warm environments. For patients in rural or lower-income settings, or in countries without reliable cold-chain infrastructure, this is not a trivial advantage. The trade-off, as the clinical data shows, is that the weight loss achieved with orforglipron is somewhat lower than with the highest-dose injectable GLP-1s. How much that trade-off matters depends entirely on the patient and what they need from the treatment.

    The ATTAIN Clinical Trial Program: All the Numbers

    Foundayo’s approval was based primarily on data from the ATTAIN Phase 3 program. The pivotal ATTAIN-1 trial was published in the New England Journal of Medicine in November 2025.

    ATTAIN-1: Adults without diabetes (n=3,127, 72 weeks)

    Enrolled adults with obesity (BMI of 30 or higher) or overweight with at least one weight-related comorbidity, without type 2 diabetes. Randomized to orforglipron 6 mg, 12 mg, or 36 mg daily, or placebo.

    Outcome at 72 weeksPlacebo6 mg12 mg36 mg
    Mean weight loss (efficacy estimand)2.1%7.5%8.4%11.2%
    Mean weight loss (per protocol, completer)0.9%——12.4%
    Achieved 10% or more weight loss—30.9%37.9%54.6%
    Achieved 15% or more weight loss—16.5%21.7%36.0%
    Achieved 20% or more weight loss—7.3%10.9%18.4%
    Discontinuation due to adverse events—5.3%6.8%10.3%

    Source: Wharton S et al. NEJM. 2025;393(18):1796-1806. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2511774. ATTAIN-1 (NCT05869903).

    The 11.2% mean weight loss at the highest dose, or 12.4% among those who completed the full 72 weeks of treatment, is meaningful but sits below what injectable semaglutide and tirzepatide achieve at their highest doses (approximately 15 to 17% and 20 to 22% respectively). Cardiometabolic markers improved significantly across all doses: waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, non-HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides all improved relative to placebo.

    ATTAIN-MAINTAIN: Switching from injectables

    Published December 2025, ATTAIN-MAINTAIN evaluated patients who had previously achieved weight loss on injectable Wegovy or Zepbound and then switched to oral orforglipron. The key finding: weight previously lost on injectables was maintained. Patients switching from Wegovy maintained with an average difference of 0.9 kg; those from Zepbound similarly. This positions Foundayo as a viable long-term maintenance option for patients who achieve initial weight loss on injectables and want to transition to a no-injection routine.

    Foundayo vs. Oral Semaglutide: The Head-to-Head Picture

    The obvious comparison for Foundayo is oral semaglutide (Wegovy oral), approved in December 2025, the only other oral GLP-1 therapy. The two drugs are chemically different in an important way, and weighing the data and administration differences clearly helps patients and prescribers make the right choice.

    FeatureFoundayo (orforglipron)Oral semaglutide (Wegovy oral)
    Molecule typeSmall molecule (non-peptide)Peptide plus SNAC absorption enhancer
    Food and water restrictionNone, any time with or without foodEmpty stomach, 4 oz or less water, wait 30 min before eating
    RefrigerationNot requiredNot required
    Highest-dose weight loss (non-diabetic obesity)Approximately 11 to 12% (ATTAIN-1, 36 mg)Approximately 15% at 25 mg (OASIS 1 trial)
    Head-to-head in T2D (ACHIEVE-3)Orforglipron superior on HbA1c and weight vs. 14 mg oral semaNo direct obesity head-to-head trial yet
    CV outcomes indicationNot yet: ATTAIN-CVRD trial ongoing (post-marketing requirement)Yes, based on SELECT trial
    Self-pay price$149 per monthNot yet available as standalone oral obesity prescription at time of writing
    Key drug interactionCYP3A4/P-gp inhibitor: simvastatin limit of 20 mgLess significant CYP interactions

    The cardiovascular outcomes gap is the most clinically significant difference for high-risk patients. Oral semaglutide carries an approved CV risk reduction indication (reducing major adverse cardiovascular events in overweight or obese adults with established CV disease), based on the SELECT trial. Foundayo does not currently have this indication. That data is pending from ATTAIN-CVRD, one of the nine mandated post-marketing studies. For patients with established cardiovascular disease choosing between these two oral GLP-1 options, that distinction matters.

    Who Foundayo Is Approved For

    Foundayo is approved as an adjunct to a reduced-calorie diet and increased physical activity for chronic weight management in:

    • Adults with a BMI of 30 kg/m² or higher (obesity), or
    • Adults with a BMI of 27 kg/m² or higher (overweight) with at least one weight-related comorbidity such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes, or obstructive sleep apnea

    It is not approved for use in children, in pregnancy, or in combination with other GLP-1 receptor agonists. The diabetes indication is a separate regulatory pathway. Lilly has indicated plans to submit for a type 2 diabetes indication using ACHIEVE-4 trial data by end of Q2 2026.

    How to Take Foundayo

    Administration is straightforward by GLP-1 standards:

    • One tablet taken orally once daily, any time of day, with or without food or water
    • Tablets should be swallowed whole, not split, crushed, or chewed
    • If a dose is missed, take it as soon as possible on the same day. If the day has passed, skip the missed dose; never double up
    • No titration schedule is described in the currently approved prescribing information; discuss with your prescriber
    • No refrigeration required; standard room temperature storage

    Safety: What You Need to Know Before Starting

    Boxed warning: medullary thyroid carcinoma

    Foundayo carries a boxed warning for the risk of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). This warning is a class effect shared by all GLP-1 receptor agonists, based on rodent studies showing dose-dependent C-cell tumors. In humans, after many years of GLP-1 use in millions of patients, a clear MTC signal has not definitively emerged in post-marketing surveillance. The warning remains, and the FDA is requiring a 15-year thyroid cancer registry as a post-marketing study. Foundayo is contraindicated in patients with a personal or family history of MTC or Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia syndrome type 2 (MEN 2).

    Serious risks

    • Pancreatitis: discontinue if pancreatitis is suspected; do not restart
    • Severe gastrointestinal reactions: severe nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea; may require hydration support
    • Acute kidney injury: may occur in the context of dehydration from GI adverse events
    • Hypoglycemia: particularly when co-administered with insulin or sulfonylureas; dose reduction of the concurrent medication may be needed
    • Gallbladder disease: cholelithiasis and cholecystitis reported with GLP-1 use
    • Serious hypersensitivity reactions: anaphylaxis and angioedema reported with the class

    Common side effects

    The most common adverse reactions, occurring in 5% or more of patients in ATTAIN-1, were gastrointestinal: nausea, constipation, diarrhea, vomiting, indigestion, and abdominal pain. These are consistent with the GLP-1 class effect and typically occur early in treatment and improve over time. Non-GI common side effects include headache, fatigue, and hair loss (alopecia). Hair loss has been reported with orforglipron as with other GLP-1s. The FDA is requiring a formal post-marketing characterization study to understand frequency, timing, severity, and reversibility.

    The CYP3A4 drug interaction: do not overlook this

    Orforglipron inhibits CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein. The most clinically significant interaction: patients on simvastatin should not exceed 20 mg daily while taking Foundayo. This is not a listed side effect; it is a drug-drug interaction requiring dose adjustment of the concurrent medication. Clinicians and pharmacists should review the full prescribing information for all interactions before initiating.

    Perioperative considerations

    GLP-1 receptor agonists slow gastric emptying, which increases the risk of aspiration under general anesthesia. The American Society of Anesthesiologists recommends holding GLP-1 drugs before elective procedures requiring anesthesia or deep sedation. The FDA is requiring a dedicated delayed gastric emptying post-marketing study for orforglipron. In the interim, the class guidance applies: inform your anesthesiologist that you are taking a GLP-1 drug before any procedure.

    Cost, Availability, and Access

    Patient typePrice and access path
    Commercially insured (eligible)$25 per month via Lilly’s copay assistance program
    Self-pay or uninsured$149 per month through LillyDirect pharmacy
    Medicare Part D (from July 1, 2026)$50 per month via CMS Bridge Model, first major Medicare obesity drug coverage expansion
    MedicaidCoverage varies by state; contact insurer for formulary status
    Initial availabilityLillyDirect at launch; retail pharmacy and telehealth to follow

    What the FDA Is Still Waiting to Learn

    The 50-day approval speed comes with a genuine trade-off: several important safety and long-term efficacy questions remain open. The FDA has mandated nine post-marketing studies that Lilly is legally required to complete, covering cardiovascular outcomes, liver injury, delayed gastric emptying, a 15-year thyroid cancer registry, pediatric safety and efficacy in ages 6 to 12, pregnancy and lactation outcomes, suicidality assessment, alopecia characterization, and a 5-year pharmacoepidemiology study.

    For coverage of all nine requirements and what each one means, see our companion post: Foundayo Was Approved in 50 Days. Now the FDA Wants a Decade of Safety Follow-Up.

    For related HED coverage on GLP-1 medications, see our posts on GLP-1 medications and PCOS fertility research, the FDA’s review of GLP-1 medications and suicidality reports, and Wegovy HD (semaglutide 7.2 mg) and the STEP UP trial data.

    Sources

    FDA approval announcement: FDA Approves First New Molecular Entity Under National Priority Voucher Program. FDA.gov. April 1, 2026.

    Lilly approval announcement: FDA Approves Lilly’s Foundayo (orforglipron). investor.lilly.com. April 1, 2026.

    ATTAIN-1 primary publication: Wharton S et al. Orforglipron, an Oral Small-Molecule GLP-1 Receptor Agonist for Obesity Treatment. NEJM. 2025;393(18):1796-1806. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2511774

    ATTAIN-1 trial registration: NCT05869903. ClinicalTrials.gov.

    ATTAIN-MAINTAIN: Lilly. Orforglipron helped people maintain weight loss after switching from injectables. December 18, 2025. investor.lilly.com.

    ACHIEVE-3 head-to-head: Orforglipron vs. oral semaglutide head-to-head Phase 3. The Lancet. February 2026.

    SELECT trial (oral semaglutide CV outcomes): Lincoff AM et al. Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Obesity without Diabetes. NEJM. 2023. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2307563

    FDA NDA approval letter: NDA 220934 Orig1s000 Approval Letter. April 14, 2026. accessdata.fda.gov.

    Foundayo prescribing information: Foundayo (orforglipron) Prescribing Information. Eli Lilly. April 2026.

    Oral GLP-1 comparison: Two Oral GLP-1s Increase Options for Patient Care. Medscape. April 2026.

    Medicare CMS Bridge Model: CMS. CMS Bridge Model for obesity drug coverage. cms.gov.

    GLP-1 gastric emptying: Delayed Gastric Emptying and GLP-1 Receptor Agonists. PMC10183139.

    ASA perioperative guidance: American Society of Anesthesiologists GLP-1 guidance. asahq.org.

    CYP3A4 reference: CYP3A4. StatPearls. NCBI.

    GLP-1 mechanism: GLP-1 Receptor Agonists. StatPearls. NCBI.

    Semaglutide pharmacology: Semaglutide. StatPearls. NCBI.

    HED companion post: Foundayo Was Approved in 50 Days. Now the FDA Wants a Decade of Safety Follow-Up.

    Disclaimer: Health Evidence Digest provides general information about FDA approvals and health research for educational purposes. This content is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Drug pricing information reflects figures at time of publication and is subject to change. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider regarding medication decisions.

  • 365 Injections a Year, or 52. Awiqli Is the First Once-Weekly Basal Insulin and the Science Behind It Is More Interesting Than the Dosing Schedule.

    📌 The essentials On March 26, 2026, the FDA approved Awiqli (insulin icodec-abae, Novo Nordisk), the first and only once-weekly basal insulin in history, for adults with type 2 diabetes. 52 injections per year instead of 365. The clinical basis: four randomized, treat-to-target ONWARDS Phase 3 trials enrolling approximately 2,900 adults with T2D. Three of the four trials showed statistically superior HbA1c reduction with icodec versus daily basal insulin. The fourth met non-inferiority. A meta-analysis across five ONWARDS trials showed a mean incremental HbA1c benefit of 0.17% (95% CI 0.06 to 0.28; p=0.003). The mechanism: insulin icodec binds reversibly to albumin via fatty acid side chains, creating a circulating reservoir that releases active insulin continuously over approximately 8 days (half-life approximately 196 hours). Why the T1D indication is absent: an earlier FDA Complete Response Letter cited the higher hypoglycemia rate in ONWARDS 6 (the type 1 trial). The March 2026 approval covers type 2 diabetes only. Critical clinical consideration: icodec’s 196-hour half-life means dose adjustments take 3 to 4 weeks to reach new steady state. Titrate conservatively, no more frequently than every 1 to 2 weeks.

    Basal insulin has been a cornerstone of type 2 diabetes management for decades. It works by providing a slow, steady background level of insulin that covers overnight glucose production by the liver and keeps blood sugar from rising between meals. For millions of people with type 2 diabetes who cannot achieve adequate glycemic control with oral medications alone, basal insulin is not optional. It is what keeps them safe.

    But daily injections are a burden. Not a small one. A patient starting daily basal insulin at age 60 faces 365 injections per year for the rest of their life. Studies consistently show that fear of injection, injection fatigue, and the daily management burden contribute to insulin omission, dose skipping, and delayed treatment initiation, all of which translate into worse glycemic control and worse outcomes.

    On March 26, 2026, the FDA approved Awiqli (insulin icodec-abae), the first once-weekly basal insulin in history, 52 injections a year instead of 365. The clinical data behind it spans five randomized trials and approximately 4,000 patients. It shows not just non-inferiority to daily basal insulin, but in several studies, superior HbA1c reduction. Understanding how that is possible, and what the trade-offs are, requires going inside the chemistry.

    How Awiqli Actually Works: The Albumin-Binding Depot Mechanism

    Existing basal insulins, glargine (Lantus, Toujeo, Basaglar) and degludec (Tresiba), achieve their extended duration through different mechanisms. Glargine precipitates at physiological pH, forming microcrystals that dissolve slowly. Degludec forms multi-hexameric chains that dissociate gradually from the injection site. Both produce half-lives of 12 to 25 hours, sufficient for once-daily dosing.

    Insulin icodec takes a fundamentally different approach. The molecule is engineered with two fatty acid side chains that allow it to bind reversibly to albumin, the most abundant protein in blood plasma. When injected, icodec does not just sit at the injection site waiting to dissolve. It enters the bloodstream and binds to circulating albumin, which acts as a reservoir. Only a small fraction of icodec is free and active at any given time; the rest is temporarily sequestered in the albumin-bound depot. As free icodec is cleared by the body, more is released from albumin to replace it.

    The result is a half-life of approximately 196 hours, about 8 days. This is long enough that a single injection provides stable, continuous insulin coverage for an entire week, with a flat pharmacodynamic profile that avoids the peak-and-trough pattern that can contribute to hypoglycemia with shorter-acting insulins.

    Why the long half-life creates a specific clinical consideration The same pharmacokinetic property that enables once-weekly dosing also means that any dose adjustment takes longer to reach a new steady state. With daily insulin, a dose increase or decrease produces a measurable effect within 1 to 2 days. With icodec’s 196-hour half-life, it takes approximately 3 to 4 weeks to reach a new steady state after a dose change. This has a practical implication for titration: icodec should be titrated conservatively, with dose adjustments made no more frequently than every 1 to 2 weeks based on fasting blood glucose. Aggressive titration, adjusting every few days as some patients do with daily insulins, risks overshoot and delayed hypoglycemia. The prescribing information provides specific titration guidance that clinicians should review carefully. Similarly, if a patient is transitioning off icodec to another insulin, the insulin effect persists for several days after the last dose. Overlap with a new insulin must be carefully managed to avoid hypoglycemia during the transition period.

    Why This Is a Resubmission and Why Type 1 Diabetes Is Not on the Label

    The March 2026 approval is not the first time Awiqli went through FDA review. In July 2024, the FDA issued a Complete Response Letter citing two issues: concerns about the manufacturing process, and concerns about the safety of insulin icodec specifically in patients with type 1 diabetes.

    The type 1 concern is worth understanding. ONWARDS 6, the Phase 3 trial evaluating insulin icodec in T1D, showed that icodec was non-inferior to degludec for HbA1c reduction. But in T1D patients, the rate of clinically significant or severe hypoglycemia was meaningfully higher in the icodec arm than in the degludec arm. The FDA’s advisory committee voted against approval for T1D, and the agency’s concerns were reflected in the CRL.

    Novo Nordisk’s response was pragmatic: rather than try to address the T1D concerns in the resubmission, which would have required additional clinical data and further delayed approval, the company resubmitted in September 2025 for the T2D indication only, where the efficacy and safety data were consistently robust. That resubmission was approved in March 2026.

    Novo Nordisk has stated that it remains committed to exploring icodec for type 1 diabetes and plans to conduct a new clinical trial in this population. The T1D indication is not closed; it is deferred. For now, Awiqli is approved for adults with type 2 diabetes only.

    The ONWARDS Trials: What the Clinical Evidence Shows

    The FDA approval is based on four trials from the ONWARDS Phase 3a clinical program, all randomized, active-controlled, and treat-to-target in design. “Treat-to-target” means that insulin doses in both arms were titrated to achieve the same blood sugar goals, a rigorous design that tests whether the drugs perform equivalently under optimized conditions.

    TrialPopulationComparatorHbA1c reduction (icodec)HbA1c reduction (comparator)
    ONWARDS 1 (78 wk, n=984)Insulin-naive T2D on non-insulin agentsGlargine U100 (once daily)−1.55%−1.35%*
    ONWARDS 2 (26 wk, n=526)T2D switching from daily basal insulinDegludec (once daily)−0.93%−0.71%†
    ONWARDS 3 (26 wk, n=588)Insulin-naive T2D on non-insulin agentsDegludec (once daily)−1.57%−1.36%†
    ONWARDS 4 (26 wk, n=582)T2D on basal-bolus regimenGlargine U100 (once daily)−1.16%−1.18% (NI met)

    * Superior (p less than 0.001) vs. glargine U100. † Superior (p less than 0.003 to p less than 0.0007) vs. degludec. NI = non-inferiority. Source: Published ONWARDS trials in NEJM, Lancet, JAMA, Lancet Diabetes Endocrinology.

    Three of the four trials showed statistically superior HbA1c reduction with icodec compared to daily basal insulin. The fourth (ONWARDS 4, in patients already on basal-bolus regimens) met the pre-specified non-inferiority margin. A meta-analysis across all five ONWARDS trials showed a mean incremental HbA1c benefit of 0.17% (95% CI 0.06 to 0.28; p=0.003) and an odds ratio of 1.51 (95% CI 1.14 to 1.99) for achieving HbA1c below 7% with icodec versus comparators.

    ONWARDS 1 also demonstrated a secondary endpoint of superior Time in Range (blood glucose 70 to 180 mg/dL) with icodec compared to glargine U100, a clinically meaningful finding given the growing emphasis on TIR as an outcome measure alongside HbA1c. Additionally, in ONWARDS 1 and 3, a higher proportion of insulin-naive patients achieved an HbA1c target below 7% without clinically significant or severe hypoglycemia with icodec versus comparators, suggesting that the once-weekly drug can deliver better glycemic control without proportionally increasing hypoglycemia burden in this population.

    Dr. Julio Rosenstock, MD, Clinical Professor at UT Southwestern Medical Center and Principal Investigator of the ONWARDS trial program, characterized the approval at the time of the FDA decision as underscoring the need for new alternative insulin options that may help patients work with their healthcare providers to determine what treatment works best for them.

    The Hypoglycemia Picture: Nuanced, Not Alarming

    Hypoglycemia is the most important safety consideration in any insulin therapy, and the icodec data requires careful interpretation rather than a headline summary.

    In insulin-naive patients (ONWARDS 1 and 3), the picture is favorable: despite achieving better HbA1c control, icodec did not generate significantly more hypoglycemia than comparators, and more patients reached target HbA1c without experiencing level 2 or level 3 hypoglycemia.

    The nuance comes in the switching studies (ONWARDS 2 and 3 for patients already on insulin). Here, numerically higher rates of clinically significant (level 2) or severe (level 3) hypoglycemia were observed with icodec compared to degludec. In ONWARDS 3, rates were 0.31 versus 0.15 events per patient-year. This difference reflects a specific pharmacokinetic challenge: when patients switch from daily to weekly insulin, there is an initial period during which the full icodec depot is being established. The prescribing information recommends initiating icodec at 20% higher than the previous total daily dose for patients switching from daily basal insulin, specifically to manage this titration period.

    The clinical alert on hypoglycemia in T2D Patients treated with Awiqli tended to have a greater incidence of hypoglycemia than daily comparators in some study arms, while in insulin-naive patients the rates were comparable or favorable. The key implication is that icodec requires more careful patient selection and titration guidance when used as a switch therapy versus a treatment initiation therapy. In T2D specifically, the clinical concern about hypoglycemia is lower than in T1D: T2D patients retain some endogenous insulin secretion and have counterregulatory responses that protect against severe hypoglycemia. The T1D population, where hypoglycemia was more concerning and drove the CRL, is not included in the current U.S. approval. For T2D, the FDA and the ONWARDS investigators judged the benefit-risk profile favorable.

    Practical Use: Dosing, Switching, and Missed Doses

    The U-700 concentration: what this means practically

    Awiqli is a U-700 formulation, 700 units per mL, compared to the U-100 (100 units per mL) that most daily basal insulins use. This higher concentration is what allows a full week’s worth of insulin to be administered in a single manageable injection volume. It means that icodec is not substitutable unit-for-unit with daily insulins: a week’s dose of icodec is roughly equivalent to 7 days of the total daily dose, not a single daily dose. Careful dose calculation is required at initiation and when switching.

    Starting doses and switching guidance

    Patient situationStarting approach
    Insulin-naiveStart at 70 units once weekly. Titrate based on fasting blood glucose, adjusting no more than every 2 weeks.
    Switching from daily basal insulinStart at 20% higher than previous total daily basal dose, given once weekly. This accounts for the accumulation phase.
    Adding to GLP-1 or oral agentsStart at 70 units weekly (same as insulin-naive). Be alert to enhanced glucose-lowering from the combination.
    Patients on basal-bolus regimensSwitch based on individual assessment; the ONWARDS 4 data supports the transition in this population.

    Missed dose flexibility: a genuine practical advantage

    One underappreciated benefit of icodec’s long half-life is missed-dose forgiveness. Because the drug accumulates in the albumin depot and releases continuously, a missed or shifted dose is less clinically consequential than with daily insulin. The prescribing information states that if a dose is missed, it can be administered up to 3 days (72 hours) before or after the scheduled day. After administration, resume the original once-weekly schedule. This flexibility directly addresses one of the practical frustrations of daily insulin, the anxiety around a forgotten or delayed dose.

    Administration

    Awiqli is administered subcutaneously once weekly on the same day each week, using the Novo Nordisk FlexTouch prefilled pen. It is available in three pen sizes: 700 units per 1 mL, 1050 units per 1.5 mL, and 2100 units per 3 mL. It must not be administered intravenously, intramuscularly, or via insulin pump, and must not be mixed with other insulin products.

    Safety: What the Prescribing Information Covers

    The safety profile of Awiqli is broadly consistent with the basal insulin class, with the nuances around hypoglycemia and titration already discussed above.

    Common adverse reactions: hypoglycemia, injection site reactions (redness, swelling, itching), lipodystrophy (skin thickening or pitting at injection sites), pruritus, rash, peripheral edema, weight gain.

    Serious risks:

    • Severe hypoglycemia
    • Serious hypersensitivity reactions including anaphylaxis, angioedema, urticaria, and swelling of face and lips
    • Hypokalemia (low potassium, which may affect heart rhythm)

    Thiazolidinediones (TZDs): Use with pioglitazone or rosiglitazone increases the risk of fluid retention and potential heart failure exacerbation. Monitor for signs of heart failure when co-prescribing.

    Acute illness and fasting: During illness or significant changes in eating, blood glucose monitoring frequency should increase and dose adjustments may be needed. The long half-life means that missed or delayed doses are tolerated, but significant metabolic stress (surgery, serious illness) requires closer glucose monitoring.

    Not indicated for: ketoacidosis treatment, diabetic ketoacidosis, use via intravenous or intramuscular routes, or use with insulin infusion pumps.

    Why Injection Frequency Matters More Than It Might Seem

    The clinical significance of moving from daily to weekly injections goes beyond convenience. The diabetes literature on insulin adherence is consistent: injection burden is one of the leading modifiable barriers to insulin initiation and continuation. “Psychological insulin resistance,” the phenomenon in which patients delay or avoid starting insulin despite clinical need, is documented in 20 to 30% of people with T2D who are recommended insulin.

    Insulin omission is also common among those already on therapy: studies estimate that 20 to 50% of patients on daily basal insulin skip doses at least occasionally, with higher rates among those with greater injection frequency or complex regimens. Each omitted dose represents a period of inadequate glycemic coverage. Sustained omission accelerates the development of diabetes complications.

    Once-weekly dosing does not eliminate these barriers, but it substantially reduces the number of opportunities for omission and lowers the daily psychological overhead of managing insulin therapy. Whether this translates into measurably better real-world outcomes beyond what the controlled trials demonstrated will only be known from post-marketing evidence. But the mechanistic argument is sound.

    Availability and Global Status

    Novo Nordisk has indicated Awiqli will be available at U.S. pharmacies in the second half of 2026. The drug has already been approved in the European Union, Canada, Australia, Japan, Switzerland, and more than a dozen other countries, in many of those markets for both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. The U.S. approval is limited to type 2 diabetes.

    Pricing and formulary coverage have not been announced for the U.S. market at time of writing. Patients and clinicians should check with their insurance provider and Novo Nordisk’s patient support resources as the launch approaches. For patients on insulin experiencing cost barriers, the Novo Nordisk patient assistance program and the NeedyMeds database are useful starting points.

    For related HED coverage on diabetes treatment advances and access, see our posts on the FDA approval of the first generic dapagliflozin tablets and the approval of Foundayo (orforglipron), the first oral GLP-1 pill for weight management without food or water restrictions.

    Sources

    FDA approval and Novo Nordisk press release: FDA approves Novo Nordisk’s Awiqli (insulin icodec-abae), the first and only once-weekly basal insulin treatment for adults with T2D. March 26, 2026. prnewswire.com.

    HCPLive coverage: FDA Approves Insulin Icodec (Awiqli) as First Once-Weekly Basal Insulin for Type 2 Diabetes. hcplive.com. March 2026.

    Patient Care Online coverage: FDA Approves Once-Weekly Basal Insulin for Adults With Type 2 Diabetes. patientcareonline.com. March 2026.

    Consultant360: FDA Approves Awiqli (Insulin Icodec-Abae) as Once-Weekly Basal Insulin. consultant360.com. March 2026.

    ONWARDS 1 (NEJM): Rosenstock J et al. Weekly icodec versus daily glargine U100 in type 2 diabetes without previous insulin. NEJM. 2023;389(16):1533. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2310221

    ONWARDS 2 (Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol): Philis-Tsimikas A et al. Switching to once-weekly insulin icodec versus once-daily insulin degludec in basal insulin-treated T2D (ONWARDS 2). Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2023.

    ONWARDS 3 (JAMA): Lingvay I et al. Once-weekly insulin icodec vs once-daily insulin degludec in adults with insulin-naive T2D: ONWARDS 3. JAMA. 2023;330(3):228-237.

    ONWARDS 4 (Lancet): Mathieu C et al. Switching to once-weekly icodec vs once-daily glargine U100 in basal-bolus insulin-treated T2D (ONWARDS 4). Lancet. 2023.

    ONWARDS 1 trial registration: NCT04508660. ClinicalTrials.gov.

    ONWARDS 2 trial registration: NCT04771052. ClinicalTrials.gov.

    ONWARDS 3 trial registration: NCT04832711. ClinicalTrials.gov.

    ONWARDS 4 trial registration: NCT04835493. ClinicalTrials.gov.

    Awiqli prescribing information: Awiqli (insulin icodec-abae) injection 700 units/mL. Novo Nordisk. 2026.

    ADA Standards 2026: American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. Standards of Care in Diabetes, 2026. Diabetes Care. 2026;49(suppl 1).

    Time in Range reference: Battelino T et al. Clinical targets for CGM data interpretation: recommendations from the international consensus on time in range. PMC6240448.

    Insulin adherence literature: Insulin Adherence and Injection Burden in T2D. PMC7716091.

    Basal insulin overview: Basal Insulin. StatPearls. NCBI.

    Albumin physiology: Albumin. StatPearls. NCBI.

    Hypoglycemia: Hypoglycemia. StatPearls. NCBI.

    Hypokalemia: Hypokalemia. StatPearls. NCBI.

    Diabetic ketoacidosis: Diabetic Ketoacidosis. StatPearls. NCBI.

    Diabetes complications: Preventing Diabetes Complications. NIDDK.

    Patient resources: Novo Nordisk patient support | NeedyMeds | ADA Standards of Care | CDC Diabetes

    Disclaimer: Health Evidence Digest provides general information about FDA approvals and health research for educational purposes. This content is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Insulin therapy requires individualized dosing and monitoring. Any changes to insulin regimen should be made in close consultation with your diabetes care provider.

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